GANODERMA LUCIDUM EXTRACT INHIBITS PROLIFERATION OF SW 480 HUMAN COLORECTAL CANCER CELLs

GANODERMA LUCIDUM EXTRACT INHIBITS PROLIFERATION
OF SW 480 HUMAN COLORECTAL CANCER CELLs

J.T. Xie 1,2, C.Z. Wang 1,2, S. Wicks 1,2, J.J. Yin 5, J. Kong 3, J. Li 3, Y.C. Li 3, C.S. Yuan 1,2,4,* 1Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA

2Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, the Pritzker School of Medicine,
University of Chicago, Chicago, USA

3Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Pritzker School of Medicine,
University of Chicago, Chicago, USA

4Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, the Pritzker School of Medicine,University of Chicago, Chicago, USA

5Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, College Park, USA





Aim: Ganoderma lucidum is a commonly used Chinese herb and an important ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine herbal formulations for immune dysfunction related illnesses. The effects of this medicinal mushroom on human colorectal cancer cells have not yet been evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract using SW 480 human colorectal cancer cell line. Materials
and Methods: Two different fractions of Ganoderma lucidum extract, i.e., a fraction containing mainly polysaccharides (GLE-1), and a triterpenoid fraction without polysaccharides (GLE-2) were analyzed. Their antiproliferative activity was evaluated by cell proliferation assay and 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. Scavenging effects of DPPH radical were assessed using ESR-spectroscopy. Results: Our data showed that both GLE-1 and GLE-2 significantly inhibited the proliferation of SW 480 cells. The inhibitory effect of GLE-2 was much stronger than that of GLE-1. GLE-1 inhibited DNA synthesis in the cells and reduced the formation of DPPH radicals. Conclusion:
Ganoderma lucidum extract inhibits proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells and possesses antioxidant properties. Key Words: Ganoderma lucidum, colorectal cancer, SW 480, proliferation, reactive oxygen species, DPPH radicals.


Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death in the United States, and the second most prevalent cancer worldwide [1]. Half of the patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer eventually die from the disease; and only less than ten percent of patients with the metastatic cancer survive more than five years after diagnosis [1]. Although in its early stages the cancer can be cured by surgical resection alone, very often surgery is combined with adjuvant radio- and hemotherapy. Patients treated for advanced stage colorectal cancer with adjuvant chemotherapy show a 40% reduced risk of relapse [2]. Recently, controlled clinical trials support a multimodal, multidisciplinary approach to treating both early stage and advanced colorectal cancers [3, 4]. While advances continue to be made in developing effective treatment strategies for colorectal cancer patients,
chemotherapies are still limited by severe side effects and dose-limiting toxicity. The drug-related adverse events not only worsen patients’ quality of life,
but can also lead to their refusal to continue the potentially curative chemotherapy [5]. Patients with cancer often resort to complementary and alternative medical
means to treat the side effects of chemotherapy [6].

Ganoderma lucidum (or “Lingzhi” in Chinese) has long been recognized by Chinese medical professionals as a valuable herbal medicine in treating a number
of different illnesses [7]. Shizhen Li, a highly influential doctor in Chinese medicine from the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 A.D.), recorded the effectiveness of Lingzhi
in his famous book, Ban Chao Gang Moo (“Comprehensive Pharmacopoeia”), and stated that taking Lingzhi over the long-term would build a strong, healthy body
and assure longevity. Ganoderma lucidum is often an important ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine herbal formulations for immune dysfunction related illnesses [7, 8]. Currently, there are several Ganoderma lucidum herbal products available. SunRecome is a commonly used Ganoderma lucidum product manufactured by
Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceuticals in China. Previous studies showed that this herbal product could attenuate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in clinical trials [9] and animal studies [10]. Although human observational data in Chinese literature suggest that Ganoderma lucidum possesses an anticancer property [9], and the active anti tumor constituents are thought to be on the polysaccharides
[11], the effects of this medicinal mushroom on human colorectal cancer cells has not been evaluated. In the present study, we investigated the antiproliferative
effects of two fractions of SunRecome, i.e., a fraction containing mainly polysaccharides, and a triterpenoid fraction without polysaccharides, using SW 480 humancolorectal cancer cell line. Potential antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum was also evaluated.


Received: December 22, 2005.
*Correspondence author: Fax: (773) 834-0601;
E-mail: cyuan@airway.uchicago.edu
Abbreviations used: DMSO — dimethyl sulfoxide; DPPH — 2,2‑Diphenyl-
1-picrylhydrazyl; ESR — electron spin resonance; GLE —
Ganoderma lucidum extract; ROS — reactive oxygen species.


Materials an d Methods Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) and test
solution preparation.

SunRecome, or Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE), from one lot, was obtained from
Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceuticals, China. The extract was analyzed by Shanghai Allsuccess Commodity Inspection Co., who reported that the extract contained 1.89% terpenoids and 15.8% polysaccharides using spectrophotometric methods. Fig. 1 shows
the chemical structure of terpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum. The extract was also analyzed by Applied Consumer Services (Hialeah Gardens, USA) to confirm that it was free of contamination such as microorganisms, pesticide residues, and toxic elements.



Fig. 1. General structure of terpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum Two different solutions were used to prepare GLE‑1
(a fraction containing mainly polysaccharides) and GLE-2
(a fraction containing triterpenoids without polysaccharides).
To prepare GLE-1, the extract powder was dissolved in 5% ethanol-water solution and placed in a 4 °C refrigerator over night. The following day the sealed
sample was heated in a water bath at 80 °C for 30 min. When the sample temperature cool down to room temperature, the solution was filtered with a Millex 0.2 μm
nylon membrane syringe filter (Millipore Co., Bedford, USA). To prepare GLE-2, the extract powder was dissolved in DMSO in room temperature, and then filtered
with a Millex 0.2 μm nylon syringe filter. To ensure that the cell growth was not affected by the DMSO, we studied the effect of DMSO alone on cell proliferation as a vehicle.

Cell Culture. Human colorectal SW480 cancer cell line (ATCC, Manassas, USA) was maintained in Leibovitz’s L-15 medium with 10% L-glutamine (Gibco, USA), supplementedsupplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and penicillin-streptomycin (50 units/ml, Invitrogen, USA), in a humidified
incubator (5% CO2 in air at 37 °C) with medium change every 2–3 days. When the cells reach 70–80% confluency, they were trypsinized, harvested, and seeded into a new
tissue culture dish (100 mm in diameter).

Cell proliferation assay. On selected days after removal of incubation medium, SW480 cell monolayer was washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). To examine the antiproliferation effect of the extract, the cells were seeded in a 24-well plate at about 10,000 cells/well with regular medium and allowed to adhere for 24 h. After adhesion of the cells, the culture medium was changed prior to the addition of the test herbal extracts.
The cells were incubated with testing material at various concentrations for 72 h. Control cultures were incubated in culture medium alone. At the end of treatments, the
cells were detached using trypsin and counted using a Coulter Counter (Counlter Electronics, Hialeah, USA)[12, 13]. All assays were performed at least three times.
The inhibition of SW480 cell proliferation was calculated as follows: Cell proliferation (%) = 100 x (each cell number in experimental well/total cell number in the control well).


3H-thymidine incorporation assay. SW 480 cells were seeded in a 24-well plate and allowed to adhere for 24 h. The cells were incubated with GLE‑1 at various concentrations in 300 μl media containing 1 λ/ml 3H-thymidine (specific activity: 1.48 TBq /mmol 40.0 Ci/mmol) in each well for 72 h. Control cultures were incubated in the medium with 3H-thymidine only. After washing with PBS and 10% TCA (trichloroacetic acid), 0.5 ml NaOH (0.2 M) was added to each well and agitated for 5 min. Finally, the cell lysates were transferred into vials and 5 ml of 30% liquid scintillation was added and mixed in the vials. The radioactivity was measured using Liquid Scintillation Analyzer (Tri-Carb1500, Packard) [14].

Measurement of free radical scavenging ability of GLE-1 in a cell-free system. Antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum was evaluated on the basis of its scavenging effect of DPPH radical using ESR pectroscopy [15]. Conventional ESR spectra were obtained with a Varian E-109 X-band spectrometer. ESR signals were recorded with 10 mW for DPPH, and 100 kHz field modulations of 2G. All measurements were performed at room temperature. The DPPH stable radical cavenging activity of GLE‑1 was estimated by ESR according to the method of Yamaguchi et al. [16]. The reaction mixture contained 50 μl test sample and 50 μl DPPH solution (0.5 mM). The proportion of ethanol/water in the reaction mixture was 5/95. ESR signaling was recorded at room temperature. Time dependence of the scavenging effect was determined by adding GLE-1 to the reaction mixture at 5 mg/ml for 2–15 min after mixing sample. Scavenging effect was determined by comparison with a control group. The dose dependency of the scavenging effect was also determined after GLE-1 addetion to the reaction mixture for 15 min. GLE-2 was diluted in DMSO. Since DMSO possesses antioxidant activity, we were unable to evaluate the free radical scavenging ability of GLE-2 in the cell-free system.

Statistical analysis. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error (S.E.). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA in combination with Student’s t-test. Differences were considered significant if P < 0.05. Results Inhibitory effect of GLE-1 on SW 480 cells. The inhibitory activity of GLE-1 on the proliferation of SW 480 human colorectal cancer cells at 72 h is shown in Fig. 2, a. GLE-1 decreased cell proliferation significantly in a concentration related manner. Compared to control
group (100%), GLE-1 reduced cell proliferation by 3.8 ± 4.5% at 0.05 mg/ml, 8.9 ± 5.2% at 0.25 mg/ml (P < 0.05), and 10.2 ± 5.0% at 1 mg/ml (P < 0.05).

Fig. 2. Antiproliferative effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract on SW 480 colorectal cancer cells after 72 h treatment. (a) Effects of GLE-1. (b) Effects of GLE-2. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01. Inhibitory effect of GLE-2 on SW 480 cells. The inhibitory activity of GLE-2 on the proliferation of SW 480 cells at 72 h is shown in Fig. 2, b. GLE-2 decreased the cell proliferation significantly in a concentration dependent manner. Compared to the control group, GLE-2 reduced cell proliferation by 18.1 ± 3.1% at 0.05 mg/ml (P < 0.05), 40.2 ± 3.7% at 0.25 mg/ml (P < 0.01), and 76.7 ± 1.8% at 1 mg/ml (P < 0.01).

Fig. 3. Time- and concentration-dependent inhibitory effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract on SW 480 colorectal cancer cells.
GLE-2 was used in this experiment. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01. Fig. 3 shows the time and concentration related
inhibitory effects of GLE-2 on the proliferation of SW 480 cells.



Fig. 4. Effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract on DNA synthesis. 3H-thymidine incorporation in SW 480 colorectal cancer cells was measured after 72 h of treatment. ** P < 0.01
Effects of GLE-1 on DNA synthesis by measuring
3H-thymidine incorporation. As shown in Fig. 4,c, treatment with GLE-1 for 72 h at 0.5 and 1 mg/ml suppressed cellular incorporation of 3H-thymidine significantly by 70.0 ± 0.6% and 73.0 ± 1.5% ompared with the control (both P < 0.01), respectively.
Free radical scavenging ability of GLE-1 in cellfree system. The radical scavenging activities of GLE-1 in a cell free system are shown in Fig. 5. Addition of GLE-1 to the DPPH system at a concentration of 5mg/ml remarkably reduced the free radical ESR signal after 2 min. After 15 min, the ESR signal of DPPH was totally eliminated. This time-related effect is shown in Fig. 5, a. The concentration-related scavenging effect of GLE-1 for 15 min is shown in Fig 5, b.



Fig. 5. Effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract on the ESR spectra of the DPPH radical in ethanol/water (20/80) solution. ESR time
points (b) spectra of the DPPH radical with GLE-1 are shown for different, and at different concentrations (a)

Discussion
Ganoderma lucidum is a commonly used herbal medicine in many Oriental countries. The anticancer effects of polysaccharides extracted from another species of genus Ganoderma were initially reported in 1971 [17]. Recently, some researchers observed
that triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum also are active antitumor constituents [18, 19]. In this study, two different solutions were used in the preparation of GLE-1 and GLE-2. Although both of the extracts showed inhibitory effects on the proliferation
of SW 480 human colorectal cancer cells, the percentage of inhibition was different, with much stronger inhibition using GLE-2. GLE-1 was prepared with 5% ethanol-water solution, which presumably dissolved mostly polysaccharides and a small percentage of terpenoids, while GLE-2 was prepared with DMSO, which presumably dissolved mostly terpenoids without any polysaccharides [11]. Thus, it seems that terpenoids in the GLE exert significant antiproliferative effects on the colorectal cancer cells in our experiments. In order to explore the possible mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum’s anticancer activity, we evaluated the effect of the extract on the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in SW480 cells by using 3H-thymidine labeling assay. Our data suggest that the extract directly inhibits the synthesis of DNA in the cells [14]. Many herbal medicines possess antioxidant properties [20]. Antioxidants are compounds that protect cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some ROS, such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are normally produced in cells as
by-products of biochemical reactions or as signaling molecules. When ROS-generating reactions are activated excessively, pathological quantities of ROS are released to create an imbalance between antioxidants and ROS, resulting in cellular damage. Oxidative stress was linked with the pathogenesis of many human diseases including cancer, aging, and atherosclerosis [21]. Herbal antioxidants may protect against
these diseases by contributing to the total antioxidant defense system of the human body [20, 22]. We observed e antioxidant effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract in our ESR study. The relationship between the observed antioxidant activity and the antiproliferation effect of SW 480 cells remain to be elucidated. In future
investigations, we will also use a panel of cell lines to provide us with the opportunity to evaluate whether the effects of a medicinal herb can be generalized across the spectrum of human cancers. In addition to its possible anticancer effect, Ganoderma lucidum may also help in decrease chemotherapy- induced side effects. We have demonstrated that the extract of Ganoderma lucidum attenuated cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting in a rat model [10]. Cancer patients are known to use herbal products more often than the general population, and thus, well-investigated herbal therapies can offer patients with a practical alternative [6]. Moreover, if synergistic effects between herbal medicines and chemotherapy agents can be identified, reduction of chemotherapy dose in combination with herbs can further decrease dose-related drug toxicity. The identification of nontoxic anticancer herbal medicines remains an essential step in advancing the treatment of cancer. Data obtained from our studies has the potential to advance treatment regimens, and improve the quality of life of patients suffering from colorectal cancer.


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Source: Internet

DXN International Branch & Stockist Address

The Below address we found in the website but still we don't any stockist or branch here.

The Effects of Ganoderma on the Body’s Major Systems – Get Healthy Coffee Now!

Chinese scientists began investigating the chemical make-up and medical effects of Ganoderma in the 1950′s and supported their finding with clinical studies. This research has spurred international interest in the study of Ganoderma bringing research on Ganoderma to a global platform.

Through advanced technology, scientists have obtained a better understanding of the main chemical composite of Ganoderma lucidum which include effective components such as polysaccharides, bioalkaline, organic germanium, triterpenes and ribotides also the special effects of Ganoderma on the cardio vascular system, the nervous system, immune system and its anti-cancer effects.

With old age, disorder in the cardiovascular system occurs first. Blood viscosity and the content of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood increase. They deposit on blood vessel walls and cause aterial sclerosis, and so on. Blood circulation is hindered and blood supply to the heart is insufficient which may trigger off coronary disease or a stroke.

Since ancient times Ganoderma has been prepared as a precious tonic for strengthening the body’s constitution. Now with modern technology the functional effects of anoderma have become even clearer. The body operates on various major systems such as the nervous system, internal system, immune system, circulatory system and others. If these systems are not being properly regulated one can succumb to illnesses. The active components of Ganoderma are able to regulate the various systems, enhance the body and provide a balance between the external and internal conditions of our body. Besides preventing disease the strengthening effects of Ganoderma are particularly effective in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases especially common symptoms such as headaches, hypertension, diabetes and various liver and kidney disorders. It can also eliminate toxins accumulated in the body through the intake of various western medications thereby achieving a detoxification effect.

The organic Ganoderma helps to enhance the bloodstreams ability to take in oxygen by more than 1.5 times. It also helps to increase the rate of metabolism and prevent aging. Ganoderma contains polysaccharides that help to improve immunity and the stabilizing effects of Ganoderma help to strengthen ones health, improve vitality and bring up immune functions.

Now you can consume the Ganoderma herb in coffee, green tea or hot chocolate without even realizing that what you are drinking is GOOD for you.


Disclaimer: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug


Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Information provided on all publications is for general purposes only and designed to help you make informed decisions about your health. It is not intended to substitute advice from your physician or health-care professional.

Source: Internet

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Latest Scientific Research on Spirulina:
Effects on the AIDS Virus, Cancer and the Immune System.
by Richard Kozlenko DPM, Ph.D M.P.H. and Ronald H. Henson.© Copyright 1998


Spirulina is gaining more attention from medical scientists as a nutraceutical and source of potential pharmaceuticals. There are several new peer reviewed scientific studies about Spirulina's ability to inhibit viral replication, strengthen both the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system and cause regression and inhibition of cancers. While these studies are preliminary and more research is needed, the results so far are exciting.


Potent Anti-Viral Activity
In April 1996, scientists from the Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, and Earthrise Farms, Calipatria, California, announced on-going research, saying "Water extract of Spirulina platensis inhibits HIV-1 replication in human derived T-cell lines and in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A concentration of 5-10 7g/ml was found to reduce viral production" 1. HIV-1 is the AIDS virus. Small amounts of Spirulina extract reduced viral replication while higher concentrations totally stopped its reproduction. Importantly, with a therapeutic index of >100, Spirulina extract was non-toxic to the human cells at concentrations stopping viral replication. Another group of medical scientists has published new studies regarding a purified water extract unique to Spirulina named Calcium-Spirulan. It inhibits replication of HIV-1, Herpes Simplex, Human Cytomegalovirus, Influenza A virus, Mumps virus and Measles virus in-vitro yet is very safe for human cells. It protects human and monkey cells from viral infection in cell culture. According to peer reviewed scientific journal reports this extract, "holds great promise for treatment of ...HIV-1, HSV-1, and HCM infections, which is particularly advantageous for AIDS patients who are prone to
these life-threatening infections." 8.Calcium-Spirulan is a polymerized sugar molecule unique to Spirulina containing both Sulfur and Calcium. Hamsters treated with this water soluble extract had better recovery rates when infected with an otherwise lethal Herpes virus 9.

How does it work? When attacking a cell, a virus first attaches itself to the cell membrane. However, because of Spirulina extract, the virus cannot penetrate the cell membrane to infect the cell. The virus is stuck, unable to replicate. It is ventually eliminated by the body's natural defenses. Spirulina extracts may become useful therapeutics that could help AIDS patients lead longer more normal lives 1, 8, 9.


What Is Spirulina?

Spirulina, (rhymes with 'ballerina'), is a traditional food of some Mexican and African peoples. It is a planktonic blue-green algae found in warm water alkaline volcanic lakes. Wild Spirulina sustains huge flocks of flamingos in the alkaline East African Rift Valley Lakes. It possesses an amazing ability to thrive in conditions much too harsh for other algae. As might be expected, it has a highly unusual
nutritional profile. Spirulina has a 62% amino acid content, is the world's richest natural source of Vitamin B-12 and contains a whole spectrum of natural mixed carotene and xanthophyll phytopigments. Spirulina has a soft cell wall made of complex sugars and protein, and is different from most other algae in that it is easily digested.Millions of people worldwide eat Spirulina cultivated in scientifically designed algaefarms. Current world production of Spirulina for human consumption is more than one thousand metric tons annually. The United States leads world production followed by Thailand, India and China. More countries are planning production as they realize it is a valuable strategic resource.


Differences between spirulina, chlorella and 'wild' blue green algae.

Spirulina is not Chlorella or the blue-green algae harvested from Klamath Lake Oregon.
Chlorella, a green micro-algae, is a nutritious food but does not have the same anti-viral, anti-cancer and immune stimulating properties of Spirulina. The Chlorella cell wall is made of indigestible cellulose, just like green grass, while the cell wall of Spirulina is made of complexed proteins and sugars. The Klamath Lake blue-green algae has the scientific name Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. It is not the
same as Spirulina. There are serious concerns about the safety of eating Aphanizomenon flos-aquae 5, because it can sometimes contain potent nerve toxins. While the scientific literature is full of information concerning the toxicity of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and its dangers to humans and animals, there are few, if any, peer reviewed scholarly scientific papers regarding therapeutic benefit.
In contrast, the scientific literature is full of information concerning the benefits and safety of humans and animals eating Chlorella and Spirulina 4.

Anti-Cancer Effects

Several studies show Spirulina or its extracts can prevent or inhibit cancers in humans and animals. Some common forms of cancer are thought to be a result of damaged cell DNA running amok, causing uncontrolled cell growth. Cellular biologists have defined a system of special enzymes called Endonuclease which repair damaged DNA to keep cells alive and healthy. When these enzymes are deactivated by radiation or toxins, errors in DNA go unrepaired and, cancer may develop. In vitro studies suggest the unique polysaccharides of Spirulina enhance cell nucleus enzyme activity and
DNA repair synthesis. This may be why several scientific studies, observing human tobacco users and experimental cancers in animals, report high levels of suppression of several important types of cancer. The subjects were fed either whole Spirulina or treated with its water extracts 3,12,13.


Strengthens Immune System

Spirulina is a powerful tonic for the immune system. In scientific studies of mice, hamsters, chickens,turkeys, cats and fish, Spirulina consistently improves immune system function. Medical scientists find Spirulina not only stimulates the immune system, it actually enhances the body's ability to generate new blood cells.
Important parts of the immune system, the Bone Marrow Stem Cells, Macrophages, T-cells and Natural Killer cells, exhibit enhanced activity. The Spleen and Thymus glands show enhanced function. Scientists also observe Spirulina causing macrophages to increase in number, become "activated" and more effective at killing germs.
Feeding studies show that even small amounts of Spirulina build up both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system 16. Spirulina accelerates production of the humoral system, (antibodies and cytokines), allowing it to better protect against invading germs. The cellular immune system includes T-cells, Macrophages, B-cells and the anti-cancer Natural Killer cells. These cells circulate in the blood and are especially rich in body organs like the liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, adenoids, tonsils and bone marrow. Spirulina up-regulates these key cells and organs, improving
their ability to function in spite of stresses from environmental toxins and infectious agents 2,10,12,14,15,16.


Spirulina Phycocyanin Builds Blood

Spirulina has a dark blue-green color, because it is rich in a brilliant blue polypeptide called Phycocyanin. Studies show that Phycocyanin affects the stem cells found in bone marrow. Stem cells are "Grandmother" to both the white blood cells that make up the cellular immune system and red blood cells that oxygenate the body.
Chinese scientists document Phycocyanin stimulating hematopoiesis, (the creation of blood), emulating the affect of the hormone erythropoetin, (EPO). EPO is produced by healthy kidneys and regulates bone marrow stem cell production of red blood cells. Chinese scientists claim Phycocyanin also regulates production of white blood cells, even when bone marrow stem cells are damaged by toxic chemicals or radiation 17.
Based on this effect, Spirulina is approved in Russia as a "medicine food" for treating radiation sickness. The Children of Chernobyl suffer radiation poisoning from eating food grown on radioactive soil. Their bone marrow is damaged, rendering them immunodeficient. Radiation damaged bone marrow cannot produce normal red or white blood cells. The children are anemic and suffer from terrible allergic reactions. Children fed just five grams of Spirulina in tablets each day make dramatic
recoveries within six weeks. Children not given Spirulina remain ill 6.


Other Potential Health Benefits

Spirulina is one of the most concentrated natural sources of nutrition known. It contains all the essential amino acids, rich in chlorophyll, beta-carotene and its co-factors, and other natural phytochemicals. Spirulina is the only green food rich in GLA essential fatty acid. GLA stimulates growth in some animals and makes skin and hair shiny and soft yet more durable. GLA also acts as an anti-inflammatory, sometimes alleviating symptoms of arthritic conditions.Spirulina acts as a functional food, feeding beneficial intestinal flora, especially Lactobacillus and Bifidus. Maintaining a healthy population of these bacteria in the intestine reduces potential problems from opportunistic pathogens like E. coli and Candida albicans. Studies show when Spirulina is added to the diet, beneficial intestinal flora increase.


Conclusion

Based on this preliminary research, scientists hope the use of Spirulina and its extracts may reduce or prevent cancers and viral diseases. Bacterial or parasitic infections may be prevented or respond better to treatment and wound healing may improve. Symptoms of anemia, poisoning and immunodeficiency may be alleviated. Scientists in the USA, Japan, China, Russia, India and other countries are studying this remarkable food to unlock its potential. More research is needed to
determine its usefulness against AIDS and other killer diseases. However, it is already clear this safe and natural food provides concentrated nutritional support for optimum health and wellness.


References:

1. Ayehunie S., Belay A., Hu Y., Baba T., Ruprecht R., 7th IAAA Conference, Knysna, South Africa April 17, 1996. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by an aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis).
2. Baojiang G., et al, Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Algal Biotechnology, April 25-27, 1994, p. 24. Study on Effect and Mechanism of Polysaccharides of Spirulina platensis on Body Immune Functions Improvement.
3. Babu.,M., et al, Nutrition and Cancer 1995, V. 24, No. 2, p.197-202. Evaluation of
Chemoprevention of Oral Cancer with Spirulina fusiformis.
4. Belay A., Ota Y., Miyakawa K., Shimamatsu H., Journal of Applied Phycology 5:235-241, 1993. Current Knowledge on Potential Health Benefits of Spirulina.
5. Carmichael, et al Scientific American January 1995. "The Toxins of Cyanobacteria."
6. Evets L.B. et al Grodenski State Medical University, January 15, 1994 Russian Federation Committee of Patents and Trade, Patent Number: (19) RU (11) 2005486 C1 (51) 5 A 61K35/80. Means to Normalize the levels of Immunoglobulin E Using the Food
Supplement Spirulina.
7. Fukino H., Takagi Y., Yamane Y., Eisei Kagaku 36: 5.,1990. Effect of Spirulina Platensis on the renal toxicity induced by inorganic mercury and cisplatin.
8. Hayashi T. & Hayashi K., et al, Journal of Natural Products 1996, Vol. 59, No. 1, 83-87, American Chemical Society and American Society of Pharmacognosy. Calcium Spirulan, an Inhibitor of Enveloped Virus Replication, from a Blue-Green Alga Spirulina platensis.
9. Hayashi K., et al, Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 7, 76-80 (1993). An Extract from Spirulina platensis is a Selective Inhibitor of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Penetration into HeLa Cells.
10. Hayashi O., et al, Journal of Nutritional Sciences and Vitaminology, 40, 431-441, 1994.Enhancement of Antibody Production in Mice by Dietary Spirulina platensis.
11. Kolman A., et al Toxicology Letters, 48 (1989) 165-169 Elsevier. Radioprotective effect of extract from Spirulina platensis in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test.
12. Lisheng L., et al, Marine Sciences, Qindao China, N. 5, 1991, p. 33-38. Inhibitive Effective and Mechanism of Polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on Transplanted Tumor Cells in Mice.
13. Pang Qishen et al, Acta Genetica Sinica (Chinese Journal of Genetics), V.15(5) p. 374-381, 1988. Enhancement of Endonuclease Activity and repair DNA Synthesis by
Polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis.
14. Qureshi M.A., Kidd M.T., and Ali R.A., Journal of Nutritional Immunology V.3(4) 1995, pages 35-45. Spirulina platensis Extract Enhances Chicken Macrophage Functions After in vitro Exposure.
15. Qureshi M.A., Ali R.A., Immunopharmacology, Jan. 1996. Phagocytic potential of Feline macrophages after exposure to a water soluble extract of spirulina in vitro.
16. Qureshi M.A., Garlich J.D., Kidd M.T., Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 1996 (submitted), "Dietary Spirulina platensis Enhances Humoral and Cell-mediated Immune Functions In Chickens".
17. Zhang C., et al, 1994 Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Alga Biotechnology, April 25-27, p.58.The Effects of Polysaccharide and Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis variety on Peripheral blood and Hematopoietic system of Bone Marrow in Mice.

Dr. Gasmelbari Mustafa, M.D.
Hematopathologist
&
Integrated Medicine Practitioner
P.O.BOX 18286,
AL AIN, UAE

Source: Internet

NASA & spirulina the best form of food for astronauts because of its ingredients

NASA have done a lot of researches on spirulina and have proved to make
spirulina as the best form of food for astronauts because of its ingredients.


Spirulina

Spirulina is a blue-green algae which is believed to be the first form of plant life on earth (nearly 3.5 billion years old). Since its rediscovery in the 1960's, Spirulina has been exhaustively and extensively tested by scientists around the world. And has proved to be the most powerful and well-balanced source of nutrition on the planet. Tests done by NASA found spirulina to be an excellent, compact space food for astronauts (1 kg. of Spirulina is equivalent to 1000 kgs. of assorted vegetables). International health organizations have hailed Spirulina as one of the "Greatest Superfoods on Earth". An ideal food supplement, Spirulina provides the body with all the essential nutrients required daily, leaving you fresh, active and energetic through out the day.

Some Nutritional Benefits of Spirulina

100 times more Vitamin A than carrots!
Spirulina is the world's richest natural source of Beta-Carotene (Pro Vitamin A), which helps to improve eye sight.

6 times more protein than eggs!
Spirulina has a very high natural protein content (upto 70%). This protein is a called complete since it has 18 of the 22 amino acids that the body needs and being organic in form, has very high digestibility (up to 97%). This ensures proper utilization & assimilation of the food a person eats.

50 times more Iron than Spinach!
Anaemia or iron deficiency is one of the most common health problems of our country.
Spirulina's rich content of natural Iron & folic acid helps not only to greatly improve haemoglobin levels in the blood, but being organic, is 60 times more absorbable than synthetic iron present in most of the haematinics.


7 times more Calcium than milk!
Spirulina is one of the World's richest known sources of natural Calcium which helps build strong bones.


10 times more Potassium than most vegetables!
Spirulina's potassium content (up to 10 times more than common vegetables) helps prevent hypertension.

One stop shop for Anti Oxidants!
Unstable molecules called "Free Radicals" are generated in every human body as a result of normal metabolic processes. These have been linked to ailments like cancer, arthritis,cataracts, strokes, heart attacks, diabetes and premature ageing. To combat these free radicals you need 'Anti-Oxidants' like Vitamins A,C & E, Zinc, Selenium, Super Oxide Dismutase. Spirulina is the world's richest and only natural source of all these Anti-Oxidants.

Good Source of Gamma Linolenic Acid
Fat deposits in blood vessels called cholesterol are the reason behind a majority of heart problems. Spirulina has Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA), which dissolves these fat deposits, thus preventing heart problems. Spirulina is the only known vegetarian source of Vitamin B12 which helps fight stress and calm your nerves.

Immune System
Unique 'Biliproteins' & 'Carotenoids' in Spirulina strengthen the body's immune system
against possible infections. Research suggests when Spirulina is taken with anti-cancer drugs,antibiotics and pain killing drugs, toxic side effects to the kidney can be significantly reduced and shorter recovery times may be possible.

References

Sassby, A. 1988 : In Algae & Human Affairs, Ed. Lembi & Waaland, Cambridge Univ. Press, UK Tokai et at. 1987 : Chiba Hygience Coll, Bull. V.5 (2) Johnson & Shubert 1986 : Nutrit. Res. USA V.6 Takeuchi et al. 1978: Clinical Experiences of administration of Spirulina, Tokyo Med. & Dent. Univ. Galvan, R.R. 1973: Clinical Experimentation with Spirulina, National Institute of Nutrition, Maxico. Fox R.D. 1986 : Algoculture, Aix-en-Provence France Fica et al. 1984: Clinica II Medicala,
Spitalui Clinic, Bucuresti, Med. Intern. 36 (3) Romania Miao Jian Ren 1987 : Soc. Appl Algal., Lille, France Bucallie, P. 1990: Univ. Paul Sabatier Tolouse Oct.90 Annapurna, V. et al. 1991: Ind. J. Bioch. Nutrit. 10 Henrikson R. 1990: Health World Sep/Oct 1990 Sheshadri C.V. 1993: AICPS, MCRC Chennai Belookaya T. 1991: Children of Chernobyl, Corres. Custafsan et. Al. 1989: J. Nat. Cancer. Int. Aug16 Altman L.K.: Anti AIDS Chemicals in Algae Kataoka et. al. 1983 Algric. Biol.Chem. 47 (10) Chamorro-Cevallos, G. 1980: UNIDO, 24, Oct. 80


Source: Internet

Spirulina - The World's Healthiest Food

Spirulina (The World's Healthiest Food)

Spirulina is one of the many blue-green Algaes (single-celled plants); named after its spiral shape. Algaes are incredibly old life forms, responsible for producing and sustaining our oxygenated atmosphere. They are the basis of the food chain and the primary source of food for the great baleen whales. Spirulina is not a salt-water algae; it grows in fresh inland waters. Due to being a prehistoric plant it is rich in nutrients and gives huge amounts of energy. The Spirulina is potentially one of the most concentrated, nutritious foods on this planet. It is the highest natural source of complete protein. Spirulina is grown in confined ponds, free from any other species of algae. This confinement means that no cross contamination from other species can take place this ensures that no micro toxins can contaminate the Spirulina. The water in which this Spirulina grows is drawn through a deep pipeline from its origins 2000 feet below water level. The water is kept free of anything that could pollute the Spirulina. The high amount of sunshine makes the Spirulina high in Beta Carotene. It is a rich source of B vitamins, especially B12 and it is also one of the richest sources of minerals. One of the oldest types of algae, it has a soft cell wall making digestion and assimilation exceptionally easy. Spirulina contains chelated versions of potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, phosphorous, and iron. In addition to these beneficial minerals, you can get your B-complex, A and E vitamins from Spirulina.

Spirulina also has all nine of the essential amino acids, as well as nine more nonessential ones.Spirulina contains compounds like Phycocyanin, polysaccharides and sulfolipids that enhance the immune system. In fact Spirulina contains the most remarkable concentration of functional nutrients ever known in any food, plant, grain or herb. No other algae, blue-green or chlorella, has been the subject of such intense research over the past 30 years - there have been thousands of scientific studies. Spirulina contains the major long-chain omega-3 fatty acid found in the brain. It is the primary building block of the gray matter of the brain and the retina of the eye. Spirulina is a rich source Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA), which is the "miracle" ingredient of Spirulina. GLA is an essential fatty acid that has been shown very helpful in the relief of arthritis. GLA also helps lower high blood pressure and blood cholesterol. It eases such other conditions as premenstrual pain, eczema and other skin conditions. It is 58 times richer in organic iron than raw spinach and 28 times richer than raw beef liver! Phycocyanin, which is the natural blue pigment of Spirulina, is not found in any other food on the plant. Phycocyanin has shown promise in treating cancer in animals. It also stimulates the immune system.


Spirulina is Alkaline and Helps Balance your Body's pH

It is important that we maintain a balanced body pH of ideally around 7.2-7.4, which is roughly neutral. A diet of junk food to include fast food, over-cooked, processed foods, (especially soft drinks (the worst is cola), which have a pH of 2.7) creates a body that is several thousand times more acidic than our bodies. This is important because all diseases start and live and thrive in an acidic environment and do not live well in an alkaline environment. Thus it follows that to keep ourselves as alkaline as possible creating a healthy body. (Becoming too alkaline is rare but not unheard of.) The rise of fast, junk and processed foods matches those of rising cancer rates. Thirty years ago, cancer in children was almost unheard of. Now they have entire hospital wards given over to children with cancer. We are too acidic! This is one of the many reasons why we are getting sick!


Some of Spirulina's Nutritive Qualities

o Contains long chain fatty acids which are omega rich.
o Extremely High in Vitamins, Minerals & Amino Acids (protein) and other phytonutrients
o Nature's Richest Whole-food Source of Antioxidants
o Rich in Beta Carotene
o Shown Helpful for Disease produced by high acid levels
o Extremely High in Iron
o Nature's Richest Whole-food Source of Vitamin B-12
o Shown To Be Helpful in Fighting Cancer
o Contains SOD (Super Oxide Dismutase)
o Contains Natural Digestive and other Enzymes
o Contains all of the essential amino acids that the body cannot produce
o Richest Whole-food Source of Vitamin E
o Powerful Natural Detoxifier
o Spirulina is Alkaline and Helps Balance your Body's pH
o Contains no fats or starches
o 25 times higher in Beta carotene than carrots
o 28 times higher in iron than beef liver, and 56 times higher than steak.

Some Research Revealed

Several years ago, the National Cancer Institute announced sulfolipids from blue-green algae like Spirulina were remarkably active in test tube experiments against the AIDS virus. In 1993-95, research showed natural polysaccharides in Spirulina increased T-cell counts, strengthened the immune system and raised disease resistance in chickens, fish and mice. The animal feed industry is embracing Spirulina as a new probiotic to replace overused antibiotic drugs in animal feeds. In 1994, a Russian patent was awarded for Spirulina as a medicine for reducing allergic reactions from radiation in the Children of Chernoby

Source: Internet

Anti Cancer Activity of Morinda Citrifolia

This document is a compilation of information gathered on the internet and provided for your education only. It is in no way meant to be taken as medical advice or be used as a substitution for any medical treatment.

STEVEN HALL, M.D.

This is from Steven M. Hall, M.D. who on January 7, 1997 reported the following results: "A 75 y/o male with metastatic prostate cancer, most recent PSA of 55, I added ... Noni to his conventional treatment regimen and within 2 weeks, his PSA was
1.1."2 (emphasis added) There is simply nothing else I am aware of that could possibly reduce Prostatic Specific Antigen from 55 (indicating uncontrolled cancer) to a normal 1.1, and DO IT IN JUST 2 WEEKS.

PHYTOCHEMICALS REVERSE CANCER

The power of phytochemicals to promote good health and control cancer is so impressive that the University of Illinois has created a whole new department with 63 scientists and professors to specialize in phytochemical research! Let me share with you some of the scientific findings leading to this major change in research.
Senior Science Advisor to the U.S. Public Health Service, Dr. D.L. Davis states, "Phytochemicals can take tumors and defuse them. They can turn off the proliferative process of cancer." At Ohio State University's Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Dr. Mark Morse and colleagues found that phytochemicals in broccoli known as sulforaphane could reduce esophegeal tumor incidence by as much as 40% and reduce the multiplication of such cancer cells by 90%. Dr. Paul Taladay working at John Hopkins Medical Institute has found that this same phytochemical protected animals from getting cancer even when exposed to cancer causing chemicals. According to Dr. Joseph Hotchkiss of Cornell University, University, the phytochemicals coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid are able to eliminate many cancer causing substances from the body. An epidemiologist at the University of Minnesota, Dr. John Potter,told Newsweek Magazine, "At almost every step along the pathway to cancer, phytochemicals slow up or reverse the process." Most of these phytochemicals studied so far are found in
ordinary vegetables and culinary herbs. The problem is the amount in these foods is so low that only if you eat a lot of them for a long time will they give you protection. If you already have cancer,what you need is a plant that has these phytochemicals in large enough amounts to go right to work.


NONI IS A TREASURE CHEST OF PHYTOCHEMICALS

When plant scientists at the U.S. Department of Agriculture studied the amazing Noni plant they quickly found the secret to its amazing health building power. It is endowed with a greater number and variety of health giving phytochemicals than just
about any plant known. Dr. James A. Duke is one of the world's most highly respected scientific authorities on herbs and their phytochemical content. In his authoritative CRC Handbook on Phytochemicals he has listed 23 different phytochemicals found in
Noni as well as 5 vitamins and 3 minerals. Research on Noni continues at an ever increasing pace with more of its phytochemicals being uncovered all the time.
IT IS THE INCREDIBLE POWER OF THESE PHYTOCHEMICALS THAT ARE PRODUCING THE
WONDERFUL HEALTH BUILDING RESULTS DOCTORS AND PATIENTS ARE NOW SEEING AS A RESULT OF
USING THIS AMAZING FRUIT! AS SAFE TO USE AS ANY FRUIT ON THE MARKET The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, as well as the Department of Agriculture maintain a list of plants that have no known harmful ingredients and which over the test of time with
large numbers of people have proven themselves to be safe for human consumption by the general population. This is known as the GRAS list, and it stands for Generally Recognized As Safe.5 Based on the fact that after careful scientific analysis no harmful ingredients were found, and the Hawaiian and Polynesian people have been using this health building herb without harm for thousands of years, NONI HAS BEEN OFFICIALLY DESIGNATED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE.

Even though Noni is extremely safe, I would always suggest that the introduction of a new herb into the diet be approached with caution by anyone known to have food sensitivities, allergies, or asthma. I would also caution a woman who is pregnant or nursing to consult her physician before using Noni or any other herb.

HOW NONI HELPS THE BODY FIGHT OFF CANCER

Researchers at the University of Hawaii School of Medicine introduced cells containing a strain of lung cancer known as Lewis Lung Carcinoma nto a group of mice especially bred to be highly susceptible to this type of cancer. Within 9 to 12 days the mice which were given no Noni were all dead as a result of the growth of the tumor. However, another group of these same mice were given an extract of the Noni fruit on five different occasions. At the end of the 12 days when all the untreated mice were dead, those given the Noni were still alive and doing well! At the end of
24 days, the Noni treated mice were all still going strong, this was a 100% extension of life! Actually, 40% which is 9 out of the 22 mice given the Noni, survived for more than 50 days. This is a lifespan more than 4 times greater than the longest living mouse not receiving the Noni. This an incredible achievement! Now
remember, these were not just any mice, these mice were specifically bred to succumb to this form of cancer. In this regard, they were "genetically doomed" to be cancer victims. Yet in spite of this, a simple Noni extract gave these mice as much as 4 times the life span of their untreated relatives. I know you are as excited about what you just read as I am, but the best part may be how the Noni made this incredible achievement possible! Most people would just assume something in the Noni
had killed the cancer cells. But like all good scientists, the researchers at the University of Hawaii School of Medicine wanted to know exactly how Noni had accomplished its miracle. What they found was quite surprising, and very important. They discovered that there was nothing in their Noni extract that killed the cancer cells. What they discovered was that there was a polysaccharide compound (6-D-glucopyranose pentaacetate) found in the Noni that INCREASED THE ABILITY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO PRODUCE CHEMICALS THAT ENHANCED THE KILLING POWER OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS. Do you realize the great significance of that discovery? You see white blood cells have to kill many things besides cancer cells. They have to defend us against virus, bacteria, yeast, ameba, parasites and all types of invaders. Since this Noni polysaccharide worked by increasing the overall killing power of the white blood
cells, this means it will most likely enhance that same killing power against any invader. It indicates Noni is very likely an overall immune enhancing substance that may provide that little extra which gives you the winning edge when some invading
organism attacks your body.


MORE CANCER FIGHTING POWER IS FOUND

Japanese scientists were looking for a substance to fight cancer. They searched through over 500 different extracts from tropical plants looking for something which would inhibit the growth of RAS cancer cells. These are a particular type of fast growing and very malignant cancer cells that are hard to stop. Reporting in the
journal Cancer Letters, the scientists stated that the Noni extract
was by far the most effective at inhibiting and normalizing RAS
transformed cancer cells. RAS is a normal part of the cell structure
in every cell. It is a small protein which is part of the RNA of the
cell and encodes for the reproduction of the cell. Only when it is
activated by a carcinogenic protein within the cell does it trigger
the cells to reproduce wildly. If you can turn off this uncontrolled
RAS activity, you stop the cancers growth.8, 9. What the Japanese
scientists found was that one of the phytochemicals in the Noni
extract does exactly that! They found that it was the phytochemical
in the Noni extract which goes by the fancy name of Damnacanthal
that does this. When they added the Noni extract to RAS activated
cancer cells they observed them daily for five days. What they saw
was incredible!

They reported that slowly, day by day the cells began to change
their morphology (cell structure) back to normal. It is only on the
basis of this kind of hard science that doctors can rely upon the
ability of a plant extract to produce the return to good health now
being seen clinically by people who have been struggling with
cancer. No one knows if Noni will produce a return to good health
for any specific person, but the research shows there is a scientific
basis for believing that it is possible. The above represent only a
sample of the research completed on the Morinda Citrifolia plant.
The results are conclusive in each case in showing the validity of
the traditional use of the Noni.

Source: Internet

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One RG/GL A Day Keeps The Cardiologist Away!!!

Ganoderma & Heart

Compiled by:
Dr.S. Ranjan, MD,. DM (Cardiology)

Education and Background:

MBBS, MD in General Medicine, DM (Cardiology) of Madras Medical College, Post Doctoral Teacher in Cardiology for 17 Years, Personal Physician and Cardiologist to Former Honourable Presidents of India.

Ganoderma and Heart

Once thought to be the source of feelings of love and emotion, the heart is actually the powerhouse of the circulatory system. Rhythmic contractions of this muscular pump push blood along the blood vessels to all parts of the body, even to its far extremities, and back to the heart again. The beating heart ensures that every cell of the body has an uninterrupted supply of food, oxygen, and other essentials. So powerful is the heart that it can pump the body´s entire blood volume of 5 litres (8.8 pints) around the body once every minute. On average, it beats, or pumps, 70 times a minute when the body is at rest, yet can increase this rate if the body is active. Over a lifetime of 70 years, the heart beats some 2.5 billion times without tiring or stopping for a rest, thanks to the cardiac muscle and its walls.

Heart Problems: Unseen inside the chest, the heart is taken for granted until something goes wrong. A common cause of heart problems is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which provide heart muscle with oxygen, a condition known as "Coronary Artery Disease". Its main symptom is chest pain, noticed during stress or exercise when extra demands are put on the heart. The chances of developing this problem are increased by smoking, high blood pressure, high-fat diet, obesity, and inactivity.

Reishi or Ganoderma lucidum is a very powerful herb and it has been used for more than 5000 years for its medicinal effects. It has more than 200 active ingredients which makes it unique in its positive effect on health.

The important effects on the heart are due to its triterpene compounds. The triterpenes give Reishi an adoptogenic quality, providing the person with protection from a wide range of biological, environmental, and social stresses. They have a kind of harmonizing effects on the body. These harmonizing effects are in the immune system as well as the circulatory system.

Anti-Oxidant effect: Reishi, being a powerful anti-oxidant helps to scavenge the free radicals which are injurious to cells. Consumption of Reishi can help in the prevention of heart diseases, especially heart attacks by its powerful antioxidant effects. It has been proved to reduce cholesterol levels.

Antiplatelet Effect: Reishi contains Adenosine which is a platelet inhibitor. This action is due to the activation of phospholipase. This antiplatelet effect prevents clot formation, regularizes blood flow in the blood vessels, especially in the micro-circulation, thereby preventing heart attack.

ACE inhibition-Lanostane triterpenes with ACE inhibiting effects have been identified in Ganoderma. Ganoderic acid F exhibited the highest effect. This effect lowers and normalizes the blood pressure and helps to reduce the load on the heart and improve pumping function, especially in a failing heart.

Vasodilator effect: Adenosine is a powerful vasodilator and it improves the blood supply and oxygen delivery to various organs. By improving the oxygen supply to the heart, Reishi is useful in preventing Coronory Artery disease and helps to overcome angina.

The ability of Reishi to calm the body and regulate its energy seems to be the key to its effect on blood pressure, the immune system, and ultimately how long that system will last.

I would say that:

ONE RG/GL A DAY KEEPS THE CARDIOLOGIST AWAY!!!

Source: DXN Life , Volumn 17